This has been an extremely busy week so I have not been plugged into much that has been happening; nor has there been much time to blog. However, it has been hard to miss the almost incomprehensible uproar over Pope Benedict XVI’s Regensburg allocution.
Amy is doing a nice summary of world reaction and some of St. Blog’s Parish commentary on said reaction to Regensburg. Most of the latter recognize that B16 was using a book that he had been recently reading as a point of departure for his discussion about the intellectual path that has led to the separation of faith and reason and subsequently to the relativism of Western thought.
They also point out that the book quotations were simply the point of departure for his discussion not its focus and most rightly show that the reaction is, both by some in Islam and by much of the popular press, ridiculous. In other words, the Pope quotes from an old debate and he is recklessly insensitive to Islam. Madonna directly attacks the most solemn event in Christianity and she is simply artistically expressing herself using the moral absolute of free speech (an absolute that seems only to apply to those things which the media agrees). Infuriating, but not surprising.
So what else is there to add? Not much I suppose to this issue but to perhaps ask: I wonder if the Franciscans will also mount a public campaign of outrage for B16’s having diss’ed Duns Scotus and his succumbing to and propagating into Christian thought, William of Ockham’s Nominalist voluntarism.
I haven’t read but are the present day communities descended from the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions also up in arms over the part B16 shows they played in the devolution of Western thought? Kantian philosophers are no doubt standing side by side with the disaffected Muslims and burning the Pope in effigy. Surely, Harnackian historicists are plotting their violent response as we speak. As Hierothee said already in an earlier post, the response is an unintended testament to the truth of what the Holy Father has been saying about a mistaken view of God and its relationship to violence in the name of religion.
However, if the article were to be read closely for what the Pope did say rather than reading it in an attempt to impose upon his words that which inflames Islamic passions, I think that one will find a brilliant, in its concision, history of the devolution of popular Western thought and how we have arrived at a widespread relativism. I also found a few other points that I thought were interesting:
Today we know that the Greek translation of the Old Testament produced at Alexandria — the Septuagint — is more than a simple (and in that sense perhaps less than satisfactory) translation of the Hebrew text: It is an independent textual witness and a distinct and important step in the history of Revelation, one which brought about this encounter in a way that was decisive for the birth and spread of Christianity. A profound encounter of faith and reason is taking place here, an encounter between genuine enlightenment and religion. From the very heart of Christian faith and, at the same time, the heart of Greek thought now joined to faith, Manuel II was able to say: Not to act “with logos” is contrary to God’s nature.
Now there are several ways to take this statement I suppose. His focus is certainly on the integration of Greek metaphysics with divine revelation but his reference to the Septuagint as “more than a simple translation” but “an independent textual witness” and “a distinct and important step in the history of Revelation” could be taken to mean something I think is new.
What I mean by new is that if one understands the last phrase, “a distinct and important step in the history of Revelation,” to mean that the Septuagint translation was part of the (final) redaction process of the Old Testament, then it could be seen as a movement away from the general understanding of Hebrew as the definitive language of the Old Testament. I have not found any Magisterial assertions which would contradict such a movement by the way.
I recognize that it is possible in this passage that he is simply referring to the fact that the Septuagint is the oldest textual witness to the Old Testament and is an important corrective tool for fixing textual corruptions in the Masoretic text but the last phrase seems to me to go beyond this. Any way, this reflection is not Magisterial so it doesn’t carry any weight, but it is still interesting.
Another very interesting text is his explication of the relationship between reason and faith as it relates to love and logos in the divine essence:
God does not become more divine when we push him away from us in a sheer, impenetrable voluntarism; rather, the truly divine God is the God who has revealed himself as logos and, as logos, has acted and continues to act lovingly on our behalf. Certainly, love “transcends” knowledge and is thereby capable of perceiving more than thought alone (cf. Ephesians 3:19); nonetheless it continues to be love of the God who is logos. Consequently, Christian worship is “logic latreÃa” — worship in harmony with the eternal Word and with our reason (cf. Romans 12:1).
Here Benedict shows the problem of annihilating the analogia entis (the analogy of being) in a mistaken attempt to protect God’s transcendence, in this case, ends in voluntarism. Here he shows how reason and faith must be integrated. In fact, B16 seems to suggest that faith and love can be considered convertible (i.e. faith is love and love is faith) to some degree. Both require trust followed by a personal response of self gift. Furthermore, faith ought to reflect something of the divine and so it seems reasonable to see faith as a human manifestation of the intra-Trinitarian total self gift (i.e. the Processions) which is convertible with love.
In any case, B16 shows here that the relationship between human reason and faith, because it reflects (via the anologia entis) the divine relationship between Logos and Love, is one that results in the Christian worship of God through the use of human reason (which itself is a participation in the divine Logos). In other words, truly human worship must engage the reason but it also transcends reason by means of love.
Here is perhaps a bold proposal that certainly will not sit well with many secular academics:
We will succeed in doing so only if reason and faith come together in a new way, if we overcome the self-imposed limitation of reason to the empirically verifiable, and if we once more disclose its vast horizons. In this sense theology rightly belongs in the university and within the wide-ranging dialogue of sciences, not merely as a historical discipline and one of the human sciences, but precisely as theology, as inquiry into the rationality of faith.
Here B16 points to the illogical limitation that Western thought places on knowledge, to that knowledge which is empirically based. Often, Western thinkers today do not realize that modern science is parasitic on philosophical truths. Benedict’s bold statement about theology belonging in the university arises from his commitment to reason’s analogical participation in the divine Logos and so reason’s capacity to investigate divine revelation with the tools of reason and arrive at valid insights that open minds can accept for its rational clarity.
Benedict calls on the Western academy to get some backbone and stop rejecting those questions as unintelligible simply because one cannot apply to them the only tools with which they feel comfortable (i.e. empirical methods).
The West has long been endangered by this aversion to the questions which underlie its rationality, and can only suffer great harm thereby. The courage to engage the whole breadth of reason, and not the denial of its grandeur — this is the program with which a theology grounded in biblical faith enters into the debates of our time.
I agree with Hierothee. Benedict’s allocution is a masterful exposition of one of the biggest problems of our times, a defective understanding of knowledge. This enables a relativist morality and so an inability to acknowledge and deal with the social ills that are dragging Western culture in the direction of the ancient civilizations that imploded from moral corruption. I suspect that this is the great harm to which Benedict refers. As did Hierothee, I urge you to read Benedict’s address if you haven’t already.