On Tuesday of this week, the USCCB Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs released a synopsis of the Fall Consultation, held in November, between delegates of the USCCB committee and the National Council of Synagogues. The meeting celebrated the anniversary of Nostra aetate, the Second Vatican Council Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions. It seems at this meeting, the Jewish delegates raised the question of Cardinal Keeler about a recent article by an “eminent Catholic theologian†they thought appeared to run counter to the Vatican II document. This was undoubtedly a reference to Avery Cardinal Dulles’s article in First Things from that month.
It is not clear in the USCCB release whether Cardinal Keeler’s response was contradicting Cardinal Dulles or simply poorly attempting to be diplomatic. In any case, it appears that the result was to mislead the Jewish delegates in the same apparent way they have been by the dialogue with the USCCB committee. Here the Jewish delegates seemed to think that Nostra aetate taught that, in essence, the Church now teaches that they should not accept Christ. In other words, that God has two Covenants; one with Jews and another with Christians. It is this mistaken view that Cardinal Dulles so ably refutes in his article.
Rather than repeating the details, I would like to use the theme of marriage that he correctly points out in his article as the model for the relationship of God with His people. Explicitly, the Covenant is a marriage. God from all of creation has wanted to marry us. In the Old Testament, He shows that He had in fact, betrothed Himself to Israel via a Covenant with them. However, we need to understand that marriage in the context of the times. It was a betrothal marriage, which was a real marriage, but often times this marriage happened well before the husband and wife came together to live. It could be compared to an engagement I suppose, but it was more permanent than that. The betrothal carried with it rights and obligations different from the completed marriage. The marriage was not complete until the final ceremony and of course, the consummation.
This is exactly what we have as the relationship of the Old Covenant to the New Covenant. God betrothed Himself to His Church in the Old Covenant and this betrothal marriage was consummated when Christ suffered and died for His Bride (cf. Eph 5). The consummation, the ineffable unity that we have with God is possible only because we are members of a Church which is the Bride united to Her Bridegroom. Thus, the relationship of the Old Covenant to New is not supercessionist. The Old was NOT done away with to make way for the New. Rather, the promise of the betrothal was fulfilled in Christ. The now consummated marriage brings with it the fullness of the promise, but also it brings with it a different way of relating of Bride to Her Bridegroom. Some obligations from the betrothal carry over, some do not. The consummated marriage also brings with it new obligations.
There cannot be two separate Covenants. God cannot be both betrothed and married at the same time. He is a faithful Bridegroom, not a polygamous Lord Baal over different concubines. Of course, therefore, the Covenant God made with the people of the Old Testament is still in force, but like a fulfilled marriage, the manner of relationship has changed. It now carries with it all of the privileges and responsibilities of the completed marriage. The fulfilled marriage is here waiting for everyone, Jew and Greek alike, who by God’s grace will come to embrace the Bridegroom.